Laying pipe on the seafloor can pose a number of challenges, especially if the water is deep. There are three main ways that subsea pipe is laid -- S-lay, J-lay and tow-in -- and the pipelay ...

Offshore pipeline installation is a critical ... Lastly, advancements in modeling techniques have improved the analysis of the J-lay pipeline lowering process. A new structural dynamics model ...

The EIA and ESIA processes will be finalised before the start of offshore pipe laying in 2014, with the aim of taking the first line into operation by the end of 2015. South Stream, which will be ...